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[Music]

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[Applause]

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thank you all for sticking around so

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close to lunch so an important part of

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this title is low logistical costs I put

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up this picture of our set up in

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Greenland in 2014 and in which we

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piloted a probe a melt probe to 400

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meters depth that in mind as I show you

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some other drilling out operations in a

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couple of minutes

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so Tim Elam and Justin Burnett and I are

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responsible for this narrow part of the

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work that I'm going to discuss today but

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this this part of the work sits within

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the context of a broader portfolio of

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projects funded by NASA and by NSF and

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involving a number of Co eyes that I

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want to acknowledge Jill mikake and her

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student Caleb Schuler are helping us to

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develop microbial clean sampling in this

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sort of probe Scott Tyler and John selca

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are helping us to develop Rahma and

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distributed temperature sensing so that

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we can measure temperature profiles

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everywhere between the surface of the

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ice and the probe as it descends Ben

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Hill and Paul Kantner a couple of

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students that I've worked with in

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developing numerical modeling that for

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the closure of the melt hole and what

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happens when you have antifreeze in it

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as you'll see in a minute and Paul

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kinder Nick Logan also have helped with

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experiments so to start out I want to

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emphasize the science driver for this

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work there are beneath the Antarctic Ice

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Sheet there are at least 400 sub glacial

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lakes they are variously connected by

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streams and rivers and maybe marshes

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they are a very diverse group of of

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water bodies ranging in size up to sort

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of Lake Ontario size in the case of Lake

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Vostok and the point is that these

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things are chemically and gyah

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physically quite various some of them

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have melting going on at their lids so

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they have oxygen inputs some of them

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have

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other sorts of varying geochemical

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inputs so they are 400 natural

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laboratories for understanding how life

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may work under ice in various ways and I

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think that that is critical to

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understand how life may work as we start

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to think about the outer solar system

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and modeling Europa and Enceladus and

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modeling or how we would go about

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analysis of blue material from those

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places so 400 lakes 400 very different

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places you need to sample some fair

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fraction of them to learn what they have

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to tell you and the problem is that

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current methods for sampling those lakes

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are expensive a good example of this is

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the recent wizard project which more

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recently has become the salsa project

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sampling to lakes in West Antarctica

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beneath 800 meters of ice

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these were scientifically extremely

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productive projects but they are

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expensive on the order of 10 million

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dollars so that means that you're not

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going to go to very many places this way

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especially not very fast if we're

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interested to try to get information and

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insight prior to missions to the outer

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solar system so so we've been developing

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a alternative way to get into some

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larger fraction of those 400 lakes and

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in particular this is a thermal melt

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probe so it's it's it melts its way down

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into the ice using electrical power

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supplied from the ice surface and this

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is our set up again

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in Greenland so there's just a tent with

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some high voltage power supplies and

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Honda generators fuel depot and the ice

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diver this is the whole kit to get to

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400 meters it was about half a Bell

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Helicopter load typical air Greenland

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Bell Helicopter

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and so this is logistically much lighter

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that means we can go more places and one

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other thing to think about here is that

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thus far as many it may change but thus

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far this kind of melt probe is the the

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only technology that has been

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demonstrated to penetrate to hundreds of

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meters in the ice with near autonomy so

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that has continued to make it a

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candidate component technology for

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Europa system however a classical

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thermal melt probe lets the ice above

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the probe as you descend freeze so you

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don't get it back it's not recoverable

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and that means that we can't use it to

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go into analytics of glacial lakes

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because certainly no one's going to let

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us leave a probe in the lake and pollute

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it and also you can't get samples back

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so we have started to develop an

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extension to this technology based on

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this idea so the key idea here is that

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the melt hole doesn't refreeze instantly

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as you go down takes hours even at East

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Antarctic temperatures and so you can

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inject an antifreeze in particular

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ethanol is a good antifreeze I'll

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explain why in a minute

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to arrest the the whole refreezing and

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then you can deploy cable from the

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surface you don't have to carry it all

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in the vehicle so you can keep a small

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vehicle and go deep with all of those

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just logistical advantages inherent in

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that you can recover samples and you

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also get to deploy fibers that would be

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hard to fit in your vehicle like fiber

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optic cable to do this temperature

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measurement so the the schematic idea

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here is that the probe goes down and we

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inject this ethanol at some distance

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above it we choose ethanol because it's

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lighter than water and ice sheets are

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colder at the top than they are at the

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bottom so you need more antifreeze at

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the top and you want that to float on

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the more dilute solution beneath so

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ethanol is a more miraculous material

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then perhaps you realized however some

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of you might be hot water drillers or

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you might know hot water drillers who

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will tell you that wait a minute if you

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pour ethanol down a melt hole you'll get

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a hole full of slush and everything will

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just be clogged up so you might be

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skeptical of this solution about just

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outlined for you let me explain based on

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numerical modeling and now lab work that

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we've done why we we think that is that

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the hot water drillers do get holes full

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of slush and why we can avoid that so

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here is the situation just after you've

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drilled a hole you have a column full of

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water at zero C and there's some warm

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ice outside the hole and out here at the

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far field there's some distant

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temperature that's the ice sheet

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temperature at that depth what you

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really would like ideally is to wave a

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wand and just have everything be

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isothermal with antifreeze in this hole

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of course you can't quite do that so but

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the point is that hot water drilling

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warms up ice outside the hole quite a

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bit because of the operational way it's

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done they hold the hole open they read

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the hole so there's quite a bit of heat

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stored outside here and then if you dump

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antifreeze in there this is a lot like

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putting rock salt into crushed ice in an

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old-style ice cream maker you

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immediately drop the temperature of that

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solution you take energy out of the

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bonds in the ice and drop this

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temperature so what I'm going to do here

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is in this progression the light gray is

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the previous panels temperature profile

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and the black one is the current one so

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you drop this

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you put drop the antifreeze in you

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immediately lower the temperature of

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this but you've still got this warm ice

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outside and this ice is above the

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temperature that this stuff wants to

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dissolve so it starts to eat out it

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starts to erode the whole wall and as

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long as there is ice that is in a sense

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to warm out here this erosion continues

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till you get to a situation like this

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and now the problem arises that you

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start to freeze back and you exclude

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antifreeze back into the hole but that

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Malec

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Hiller diffusion the chemical diffusion

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is much slower than the temperature

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diffusion so you end up with a lot of

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antifreeze here not so much there but

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it's cold everywhere so you start to

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form slush in this hole aha a melt probe

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has a natural advantage in this

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situation because if you go down at

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meters per hour and notice I'm saying

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meters per hour not centimeters per hour

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just sometimes what we discuss in the

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planetary context because of power

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restrictions but if you go down to

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meters per hour you heat up much less

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ice and you don't have to keep things

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open like you do in hot water drilling

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so you you have a natural advantage

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you've put you've stored much less heat

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out here now you put in this antifreeze

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but you can put it in pretty quickly

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behind the probe and so you greatly

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limit this area and so when you get over

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here you have a much more even

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antifreeze distribution and so that's

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why we think that we can get away

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without making slush and we tested this

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first in the laboratory this is case we

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put some red food coloring in the water

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so that you could see it but the the

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hole in this laboratory block refreezes

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symmetrically and then we stopped it

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with ethanol and we didn't make slush

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but in the laboratory we had a hard time

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to keep the slush in the hole the ice

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block cracked so we have gone on to test

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this at an ice drilling program test

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facility that's an NSF sponsored test

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facility in Madison Wisconsin with a

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full-scale ice diver so you see here

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this this is the thing that is used to

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inject the ethanol there's a this is the

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top of the ice diver there's a melt head

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there that's conical in case there is

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some refreezing so we can melt and come

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back out the ice columns 14 meters high

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we injected ethanol at 0 °c during the

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descent we got temperature measurements

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along the cable and the upshot was that

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we got down the tip of the probe was at

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8 meters depth we know that there wasn't

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slush in the hole because we sampled it

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with a cup so we brought up liquid from

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various depths it was all clear

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when we turned the temperature down in

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the hole we could make slush so we could

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compare to that so we know that it was

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clear when we sampled it and then we

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recovered the probe and this is the

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temperature data so there's some cooling

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near the top it was minus 20 in Madison

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at the time that we did this last

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February but over most of the distance

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between the top of the column and the

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probe about the top of the probe is

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about minus 6 meters or 6 meters depth

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with temperatures between minus 6 and

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minus 8 so we have clear liquid at minus

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7 or so C without making slush so the

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upshot is that we think it's important

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to explore these earth analogs we think

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that we can demonstrate reliable

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operation to hundreds of meters of depth

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but we are we need to develop this

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recoverability to explore those earth

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analogs in a way that will pass muster

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and the prospect is for penetration two

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kilometers depth with a small probe

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thank you all right we have time for a

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hi I'm Kate Kraft um really cool um

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technology have you and this wasn't part

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of your talk but I'm curious about what

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are the sampling kind of technologies

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you've been looking at can you just

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speak to that for sure

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so what we're presently doing and

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working some kinks out of is to use a

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port on the side of the vehicle and a

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peristaltic pump so that's a pump that's

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commonly used in medical applications

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for instance it allows you to sterilize

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the tube that goes through the pump and

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you and the rest of the pump never

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touches the fluid and we put that into a

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bag that we autoclave and yeah we

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present that with the present size we

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have two of those units and they they

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each acquire about 150 mils of sample

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but as I say we were we have been

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exercising that in the field including

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most recently in May on Eastern glacier

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in Washington State we're still working

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on getting it working just right my

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concern was are you prevent

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contamination now just organizations but

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also contamination control and bio

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monitoring

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yes yes very much so actually caleb is

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in the back maybe it would you like to

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address that Caleb the question is how

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are we addressing forward contamination

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and I thought maybe you talked about the

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the doping and cleaning and the Ricoh

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yeah yeah so we have a protocol we use

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for cleaning it before we go into the

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ice and we've also done some laboratory

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tests where we test the dragging of

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materials in the ice as the probe

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descends and we're working on some more

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dye testing to kind of incorporate that

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with the ethanol as we just hit the rice

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to look at mixing between possible

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liquid reservoirs in the system but the

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cleaning the exterior cleaning that

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Caleb's alluding to is something that

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jill mikake developed first in

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connection with the i small i small the

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german melt probe at Taylor glacier in

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in the East End

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so and we I mean you have some very nice

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numbers about floors right yeah yeah you

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come talk to you yeah okay we'll let

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everybody get to lunch thanks again to